started in 1776
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The WAR didn't end really, but continued officially without the British after the Treaty of Paris.

started in 1775
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American Revolutionary WAR ends with the Peace of Paris.

ended in 1783
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An official war started between the

Cherokee, led by Dragging Canoe, and the newly self declared

American Nation. In a way this huge war is seen by historians as the Southern Theatre of the American Revolutionary war, because the Cherokee (and the

Creek, the

Chickasaw and the

Shawnee) sided with the

British.

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Independence Hall

The First 13 colonies, who were in a way represented by the 'Founding Fathers', declared themselves independent and formed the

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

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Independence Hall

The 'Founding Fathers' were the initiators and writers of the Declaration of Independence.

ended in 1783
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Turn
The Patriot

Lands for millennia inhabited by First Nation People were since, let's say the founding of St. Augustine by the

Spanish, colonized by West-Europeans. An unthinkable number of events had taken place in the next two centuries. The

Dutch ended New

Sweden. The

English swallowed the New

Netherlands and defeated the

French. In the meantime children were born and these children gave birth to children...
Clearly, they didn't have overseas bonds...
A new identity had developed; an

American identity...

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Point Pleasant

Hostilities arose in nowadays West-Virginia because of the use of hunting grounds by

Shawnee villagers; Lord Dunmore's War was a fact. The

British were victorious when the Battle of Point Pleasant was won.

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Museum

Citizens had become extremely unhappy about

British policies. Boxes of tea, which were ready to be shipped to Europe, were thrown overboard. Was this event what broke the camel's back?

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Historical marker

A demonstration of friction escalated. British rifleman opened fire killing several Boston-citizens.

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Outlander

The

British parliament enacted the Townshend Acts. Effectively adding tax to be paid on Britisch goods in the Colonies.

started in 1763
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Following an earlier truce between the

Huron, the

Lenape, the

Shawnee and the

British (Bouquet's truce) and an earlier treaty between the British and the

Seneca, Pontiac travelled to New York and signed a Peace Treaty for the

Odawa as well.

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And again an Act was to be enacted. The new law provided a British standing army in America with privileges.

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And again citizens were hit by a cost increase. This Stamp Act was enacted so that on all (official) documents a tax was added. The British government in

England was the collecting organization.

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Citizens were more and more unhappy about

British policies. The enacted Sugar Act was one of the first.

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Eastern N-America

The Royal Proclamation Line, largely equal to the Eastern Continental Divide (connecting Appalachian Mountain tops), is nowadays also known as the Indian Magna Carta. At the time it became official that colonists were not allowed to settle in Indian Territory.

ended in 1766
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First Nations west of the

British Colonies felt unsecure about the new situation. Guyasuta, a

Seneca leader, unbounded themselves from the

Haudenosaunee Confederation (still bonded with the British because of the Covenant Chain). Together with Pontiac, an

Odawa leader, and warriors of the many mainly previously

French allied First Nations rose up and took up arms.

started in 1754
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Last of the Mohicans

The war was lost for

France when Lieutenant General William Amherst decisively won the last Battle of Signal Hill. French resistance was over; all claimed lands in North America were ceded (except Saint Pierre and Miquelon). The territories in the west to the

Spanish and in the east to the

British (whereas the Mississippi River was the division line).

started in 1749
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The

English were victorious in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour. The Mi'kmaq were defeated; it meant the end of Father Le Loutre's War.

ended in 1763
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Last of the Mohicans

War after war had been started for more than seven decades. The tension was incredible. This war had battles won by either side. Both opponents were clearly ready to fight till the end. And so it happened; many, many lives were lost. How would this end?

ended in 1755
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The

English kept encroaching in Acadia. Another war was at hand.

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Statehouse

The

Ohio Company was founded to gain lands and block

French expansion.

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Peace was restored when the opponents on the European continent laid down their arms. The War of the Austrian Succession had ended on the 18th of October with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

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And again, for the third time now, the

English and

French started warring on the Eastern North-American continent. Both were joined in battle by their long time allies.

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St. Simons Island

The

Spaniard Manuel de Montiano invaded the

English Colony of Georgia, but was defeated at Bloody Marsh and Gully Hole Creek. Despite more skirmishes James Oglethorpe was successful in keeping the Colony of Georgia.

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St. Augustine

The

English expedition by James Oglethorpe ended with a sudden pull back. The

Spanish were victorious.

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Fort Mose

An expedition was set up by the Governor of the Colony of

Georgia, Oglethorpe, to try and conquer St. Augustine (at the time the most important settlement in Florida). In preparation of the siege he firstly attacked a few other forts. Amongst these was Fort Mose which the

Spanish soon had recaptured.

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Historic District

Georgia became an official colony when James Oglethorpe secured a charter; Savannah was established as capital.

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Historic ships

Baltimore founded mainly because of the need for a harbor to improve the tobacco trade.

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The war ended with Dummer's treaty.

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Dummer's WAR was about a border dispute.

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Edward Teach (Aka Blackbeard) ambushed and afterwards killed on Ocracoke Island.

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French Quarter

New Orleans founded by J.B. Le Moyne.

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Yemassee

The war never really ended officially. Many

Yamasee people died or were enslaved. Those who fled in time joined the (lower)

Creek or, maybe later, the emerging

Seminoles.

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Yemassee

The

Yamasee (also spelled Yemassee) people were displeased with the outcome of the Tuscarora war; especially on the account of the English policy concerning slave trading. A next war in the region was at hand.

English settlers fled to Charles Town.

started in 1711
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Monument

The

English were victorious. Most of the surviving

Tuscarora people moved to the North, where they were accepted as the 6th tribe of the

Haudenosaunee Confederacy.

started in 1702
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The war lasted for more than a decade; both in Europe as well as in America.

France was defeated and had to cede lands to the

British (f.e. Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Acadia).

ended in 1715
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Monument

After a long period of peace, which endured half a century, a war broke out between Southern

Tuscarora people and

English colonists.

ended in 1713
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Queen Anne's war was a widespread event. Battles took place in four different area's of Eastern North-America.

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Place de la Grande-Paix

The

French and

Haudenosaunee signed a Peace Treaty; this actually ended the Beaver Wars.

started in 1688
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PortalToHistory

The 1st of the French and Indian Wars came to an end; a status quo ante bellum was agreed upon.

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University

A college founded in 1693 was named after the

Dutch born Prince William of Orange and Mary Stuart, King and Queen of

England since 1689.

ended in 1697
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PortalToHistory

In North-America the

French and the

British both wanted a monopoly on fur trade. This was the main reason for the 1st French and Indian War.

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Penn Museum

Pennsylvania granted by Charles II to William Penn.

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Susquehannock

The

English had turned against their former ally since the signing of treaties with the Haudenosaunee. Though it was the

Haudenosaunee who decisively defeated the

Susquehannock. Part of the Beaver Wars.

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Jamestown

Nathanial Bacon and allied plantation-owners opposed to the policy concerning first nation people. Sir William Berkeley stood his ground and was not going to bend. It all escalated into a huge rebellion in which even Jamestown was demolished.

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War Monument
PortalToHistory

The war ended when resistance faded after the death of Metacomet at Mount Hope.

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War Monument
PortalToHistory

The

English had established a reasonable understanding with inhabitants of local tribes; in particular with the Wampanoag and their Sachem Massasoit. His son Metacomet originally continued this good trade relation. Though, the situation changed when in the East the

English wanted more land and in the West their traditional enemy, the Haudenosaunee, became more hostile.

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Haudenosaunee & English signed Treaties (within a Covenant Chain).
Part of the Beaver Wars.

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New York

The Treaty of Westminster was signed in London. The

English claimed again 'Nieuw Nederland' on which the

Dutch had to agree upon; they had no choice. 'Nieuw Amsterdam' was renamed to New York.

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New York

On the European Continent the

Netherlands were since 1672 (the disaster year) again at war with

England amongst wars with France and others. Despite the situation the Dutch Government wanted to retake 'Nieuw Nederland' and ordered Cornelius Evertsen to sail out; his mission was successful.

started in 1663
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Quebec

The plan had worked and cities grew very well, though it was rather late; the

English remained very much ahead on the account of citizens. And therefore, the transportation of loads of

French women diminished.

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Charleston

Charles Town founded in South-Carolina.

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James Bay

The

Frenchmen Radisson and des Groseilliers didn't get the means from their superiors to start fur-trading in Northern regions. Mainly therefore they contacted the

English. With the support of the Duke of Cumberland, Prince Rupert, their efforts were viable and a trade relation with the

Cree was established. A new economically successful Company (HBC) was born, though hostilities between other local tribes,

New France and

New England increased.

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New York

The Dutch colonists surrendered without any real resistance at the time. Soon after New Amsterdam was renamed into New York.
Later, in 1667 a status quo was signed in a peace treaty (to end the 2nd Anglo-Dutch war); agreed was that the

Dutch kept Suriname in South-America and the

English kept the 'New Netherlands'.

ended in 1673
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Quebec

Despite the fact that

French fur traders explored the New World much sooner than other foreigners in Eastern N.Am., it was the

English settlements that grew more rapidly because of a policy focused on colonizing. After realizing this Louis XIV changed his concept and sent shipments with loads of women in just a decade.

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Susquehanna

With help from English troopers (provided by the

Maryland colony) the

Susquehannock initially repulsed the

Haudenosaunee. Part of the Beaver Wars.

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Albemarle Sound

New official foundation of North Carolina because the old charter of 1629 ruled invalid.

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'Nieuw Dorp'

During the beginning of the 2nd War the

Dutch considered serious losses mainly because the

Esopus had set up a devious diversion (news about a total wipe out of 'Nieuw Dorp' came too late). Later that year the Dutch killed chief Papequanaehen whilst engaging attacks on Esopus villages.

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Rondout

The

Dutch had bought time with scorched earth tactics until reinforcements came to repulse the

Esopus. Both parties concluded the 1st war with a trade-agreement: the Dutch gained land for food.

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Rondout

The Esopus ferociously attacked

Dutch settlements because of the killing of

Esopus-workers by

Dutch colonists. Most probably this 1st War was initiated because of a misunderstanding.

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Tallahassee

San Luis de Talimali built a mission to establish a more vast

Spanish foothold in Florida mainly by trying to proselytize the Apalachee (a

Muscogean tribe) and the

Timucuan.

started in 1654
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After 2 years of resistence by the

Erie People it was the

Haudenosaunee Confederacy who extended their lands again.
Part of the Beaver Wars.

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Museum

The

Dutchman Peter Stuyvesant recaptured Fort Casimir and ended

New Sweden permanently. The Fort was again renamed: 'Nieuw Amstel'.

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Paulus Hook

A

Susquehannock attack on

Dutch settlements. Where the Dutch thenadays believed that it was a retaliation-act (they had killed a Wappinger woman for stealing a Peach), historians nowadays state that the Susquehannock attacked because the Dutch troops were away fighting

New Sweden.

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New Castle

The

Dutch Fort Casimir was captured by

New Sweden; they renamed it into Fort Trinity. Now occupying all strongholds on the western side of the Delaware River meant safety was assured for

Swedish fur trading actions with the

Susquehannock and the

Lenape.

ended in 1656
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Presque Isle

And again the

Haudenosaunee kept on warring. The Confederacy attacked the

Erie People (aka Eriehronon).
Part of the Beaver Wars.

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Stock Exchange

A conflictuous situation between the

Dutch and

English arose. Consequently, a wall was built on the northeastern boundary of New Amsterdam.

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Historical Park

Fort Casimir was built south of the

Swedish Fort Christina to consolidate

Dutch presence on the shores of the Deleware River ('de Zuydrivier' in old Dutch).

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Medway valley

The

Haudenosaunee Confederacy kept on expanding their territory and defeated the

Chonnonton (aka Neutral People), who were already weakened by European diseases (measles and smallpox) .
Part of the Beaver Wars.

started in 1648
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Museum

The

Haudenosaunee ferociously defeated the

Huron. Those villagers who survived were captured to be adopted into the Confederacy. As a consequence the

French lost their main fur supplier.
Part of the Beaver Wars.

ended in 1649
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Museum

Many

Huron villages were attacked by

Haudenosaunee warriors armed with guns (possesed through trade with Dutch colonists).
Part of the Beaver Wars.

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Appomattox River

Fort Henry was built at the shores of the Appomattox river in Virginia near nowadays Petersburg.

started in 1644
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The

Powhatan Confederacy disintegrated after Opechancanough's death, though hostilities by the

English continued for a while.

started in 1643
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Harasment had become enormous and very frequent;

Lenape and many allies were fully compromised to revenge the massacres.
In 1645 a truce was agreed upon, though

'Nieuw Nederland' had completely lost its confidence in the area along 'de Noortrivier'.

ended in 1646
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After a period of peace the

Powhatan Chief Opechancanough again started to attack

English settlements.

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Pound Ridge

A grievous night time attack was launched by

Dutch and

English colonials led by Captain John Underhill on a Wappinger village east of the 'Noortrivier' (one of the more dominant members of the

Lenape).

ended in 1645
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After Kieft's wrongful massacres

Dutch settlers were repeatedly harassed by

Lenape warriors. Soon other neighbouring tribes joined them in their actions.

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Communipaw
Corlears Hook

The killings of

Lenape men, women and children at Pavonia and Corlears Hook are recorded as 'the slaughter of the innocents'. Both massacres, initiated by the

Dutch Governor Willem Kieft, took place despite a negative consent of the Council of Twelve Men. This event clearly marks a period in which hostilities would become more frequent.

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Ville-Marie

The

Frenchman Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve founded Ville-Marie; a settlement near 'Mont Royale' which was soon called Montreal as well.

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John Punch (a 12-generation grandfather of Barack Obama) has the unfortunate stigma of being considered by historians as the first official slave in Virginia.

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Brandywine Creek

Whereas the

Dutchman, Flamish born, Samuel Blommaert had served The Netherlands his whole life, he secretly planned a

Swedish Expedition. He appointed the

Flamish Peter Minuit (former Governer of New Amsterdam) to take up command. With actually building Fort Christina on Brandywine Creek, a tributory of the nowadays Deleware river, the birth of

New Sweden was a fact (despite the

Dutch claim of the area surrounding the 'Zuyd rivier').

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Niagara Falls

The

Wenro people were attacked by the

Haudenosaunee; survivors assimilated with the

Seneca (the most western member of the Haudenosaunee) or fled North-Westwards beyond the Niagara Falls.
Part of the Beaver Wars.

started in 1636
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Museum

The

Pequot chief Sassacus sought refuge amongst the

Mohawk, though was instead murdered (head and hands brought to the

English). The

Pequot spirit was broken.

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Southport Park

Trying to flee westwards the remaining

Pequot warriors, including chief Sassacus, got surrounded by

English,

Narragansett and

Mohegan warriors. After 2 days of battle he and a small number of

Pequots somehow managed to flee.

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Mystic

The fortified

Pequot village next to the Mystic River was set ablaze by the

English. Those who tried to flee were shot.

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Rhode Island

Rhode Island founded by the

Englishman R. Williams.

ended in 1638
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Museum

Unclear killings were the cause of war between

Pequots and

English colonists. The colonists got support from

Narragansett and

Mohegan warriors.

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Connecticut

A colony in Connecticut was founded by the

Englishman John Winthrop Junior.

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Maryland

Settlers to Maryland; initiated by the

Englishman Cecil Calvert.

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Trois Rivières

This spot was chosen for a settlement because of its position at the 'crossroads of rivers'.

French fur traders came from all directions to sell their goods, which were to be shipped via Quebec to the European Continent.

started in 1622
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Although peace was already declared in 1628 it became official in 1632.

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Massachusetts

Puritans, led by the

Englishman John Winthrop, founded Massachusetts.

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Headquarters

This charter was issued by the

Dutch WIC with the intention to get colonization on its way. Up till then the policy making focus had been on trade solely.

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New Hampshire

John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges divided

English claims along the Piscataqua river. Mason called his area New Hampshire.

started in 1625
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Rensselaer County
Last of the Mohicans

Mohican defeated by

Mohawks.
The first major conflict of the Beaver Wars.

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Philadelphia

The

Dutch had built Fort Nassau on the eastern shores 'van de Zuydrivier' (in old Dutch); most probably in Camden. A major city was going to develop over time on the other side of the nowadays called Delaware River.

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Old City Port

Cardinal Richelieu initiated a 'Compagnie des Cent-Associés'; which was in a way the birth of

New France. He did so to expand the

French colonization in the New World and to have fur trade done on a more organized level in the area around Quebec.

ended in 1628
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Rensselaer County
Last of the Mohicans

Mohican villages attacked by

Mohawks (member of the

Haudenosaunee Confederacy). The Iroquois wanted to expand their hunting grounds; therefore this event is regarded as the beginning of the Beaver Wars.

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Albany

Fort Nassau was built on a spot which occasionaly got flooded. Therefore

Dutch colonists, at the time commanded by the WIC, had built a replacement at the Hudson River near nowadays Albany.

ended in 1632
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The second Anglo-Powhatan War started with the Indian Massacre of 1622.

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Powhatan warriors and allies entered

English settlements pretending to be salesmen of goods and food. After a while they launched a ferocious surprise attack with a devastating ending.

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Amsterdam

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands granted a trade-charter to the West India Company. The actual area where the

WIC was allowed to trade (including slave-trading?!) was the Americas; thenadays seen as the western route to India.

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Plymouth
Saints & Strangers

The Mayflower Voyage brought the 1st Pilgrims to the New World; they,

Dutch and

English citizens, had to take landfall before reaching their planned destination because they were seriously running down on supplies. Despite skepticism an

English settlement was founded; they called it Plymouth.

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New England

Whereas John Smith was one of the first leaders in Jamestown (Virginia) he was never to come back there again. Though, during his 1616-voyage he explored the coastline of nowadays Massachusetts, New Hampshire & Maine; he named this more northern region

New England.

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monument

A chartered Company was actioned on the 1st of January to have

Dutch trade executed and administered on an organized level for three years so higher profits should be achieved.

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museum

A fortified trading post, called Fort Nassau, was built at the Hudson River on Castle Island (aka Westerlo Island) near nowadays Albany and thereby extending

Dutch influence northwards. Concurrently, it was also extended southwards because C. H. van Monnickendam was chartering the area surrounding 'de Zuyd rivier'.